Corbridhe Roman Town. Photo by Harry Rowland, 1994.

[Centred NY 9822 6484.] Corstopitum Roman Fort [GSC]. (1)

A Roman fort, probably Agricolan, which became a 3rd-4th century small Roman town. (See attached M.P.B.W. Guide.) Excavations, 1952-3, revealed a pre-Roman circular enclosure in the form of a small, round-bottomed ditch 60ft in diameter; it had an entrance on the west and an eccentrically placed hut, diameter about 21ft, to the north. In plan the site resembles the Bleasdale Circle (Middle Bronze Age) but the site had been levelled by the Roman garrison and there were no finds. (see NY 96 SE 195). (2)(3)(4)(5)

Resurveyed at 1/2500. (6)

Plan with additions from the air by J K St Joseph and P Salway. (7)

NY 984 649. The Pre-Roman palisaded enclosure with hut circle beneath Corbridge Roman fort was tentatively considered by Challis and Harding to be Late Bronze Age or at least the earliest Iron Age. (8-9)

CORIOSOPITUM (?) Roman Fort and town at Corbridge. The name is hypothetical or in restored form and not recorded as such in any source. (10)

Detailed discussion of the chronology of the Roman forts at Corbridge and re-examination of the evidence from the 'Western Enclosure'. (11- 12)

Hind has suggested that the Roman name for the fort and town at Corbridge may have been CORIORITUM. (13)

Excavation in 1980 to the west of the granaries located the west rampart of the fort and a probable interval tower. The associated pottery is compatible with a construction-date of c.90AD. The rampart was rebuilt several times before being partially levelled (after c.160AD). Fragmentary timber structures may be associated with this phase. These features were succeeded by two successive stone buildings. The floor of the first of these yielded late second or early third century pottery. (14)

Additional references. (15-50)

The excavations (1947-80) have been published by English Heritage. This report includes the aerial photographic transcription done by the APU. This monument was plotted by the RCHME's APU in 1987 as a 1:2500 scale survey of the site (Event UID 972854, Collection UID 974513) The excavations (1947-80) and the AP transcription have been published by English Heritage (15a). (51a)

The site was explored between 1906 and 1914 but there have been many subsequent excavations. These revealed the remains of the Principia (Headquarters Building), Praetorium (the Commanding Officer's House), barracks, granaries and defences. The dating of the fort at the site has identified several phases: Phase I (circa AD 86-103), Phase II (circa AD 105-122), Phase III (circa AD 122-139) and Phase IV (circa AD 139-163). The first fort (Phase I) has been shown to be much larger than its successors before it was dismantled and burnt. The secondary fort, built from around AD 105, involved construction of several buildings in stone. However the turf and timber defences were retained throughout the life of the fort before it was abandoned in around AD 163. (51b)

Air photographs taken in 2006 show very clearly the roads and elements of the vicus as cropmarks in the fields to the west of the fort and to a lesser extent to the north and east. New detail, including building foundations, is visible in addition to that transcribed in the 1987 transcription of the site from the air photographic evidence (see authority 51). The buildings of the vicus are visible to the east and west of the fort with evidence of buildings flanking the internal roads Stanegate, running east to west, and Dere Street , running north to south. All of the building features show as areas of light cropmarks. There are numerous pits, but it is uncertain whether they are contemporary with, or post date the Roman features. The pits may possibly relate to stone extraction for building the Roman town and fort, or may possibly be rubbish pits. (51c)

An enormous collection of excavation finds have included numerous sculptures, inscriptions, samian pottery and other wares, military equipment, Roman tools, glass vessels, animal bones (wild and domesticated) and a bronze jug containing 160 gold coins ranging in date from AD 64 to 160. (51d)

On the pivotal intersection of Roman Dere Street and Stanegate near the Tyne crossing, Corbridge played a vital role in every Roman campaign in northern Britain. The first forts here were founded circa AD 79-85 during the campaigns into Scotland under Agricola; the third in association with Hadrian's Wall; the last used during the campaigns of Antoninus Pius in the mid-2nd century. Corbridge then became a busy garrison town. The extensively excavated remains include a fountain house with an aqueduct, a pair of granaries, and walled military compounds containing barracks, temples, houses and a headquarters building with a belowground strongroom. The original Stanegate Roman road, predated Hadrian's Wall and passed through the centre of the site. (51e)

A joint project between Tyne and Wear Museums and English Heritage (with funding from the North East Regional Museums Hub) has undertaken a survey and study of the architectural fragments and religious sculpture found in excavations before WWI, and now stored at Matfen. Many were reused to resurface the Stanegate Roman Road in the fourth century. This study has allowed different buildings to be identified, eg temples, a legionary sanctuary, and fountain. (51f)

Located on the English Heritage map of Hadrian's Wall 2010. (51g)

General association with HER 9003 (Roman mausoleum), HER 9006 (Roman conduit), HER 9008 (Neolithic greenstone axe), HER 9022 (Corbridge Roman Bridge), HER 9031 (altars and dedication slabs), HER 12392 (Dere Street), HER 9030 (cruciform brooches), HER 28090 (Roman gravel quarries), HER 34110 (part of Dere Street), HER 34111 (part of Dere Street), HER 34112 (Stanegate). Is referred to by HER 12391 (Stanegate), HER 12392 (Dere Street). (51)