Wether Hill palisade enclosures (Ingram)
Construction trenches were discovered in 1994 and trenched in 1995. In 1996 geophysical survey was carried out to try and establish the scale of the site and possible areas of occupation. An area of anomalies was identified east of the area examined in 1995 and the previous trench was expanded. This revealed the presence of low ridges, c.1.3m wide between furrows, and aligned approximately north-south. A scatter of 64 prehistoric artifacts was found in the ploughsoil and included prehistoric pottery and flint of Late Neolithic/Bronze Age date.
Under the ploughsoil an additional construction trench was discovered. This sprung from the palisade slot found in the 1995 trench and it seems probable that the site comprised a series of contiguous enclosures; there is no firm evidence of contemporary settlement associated with it. A charcoal sample from the construction trench was radiocarbon dated to c.250BC.
The chronology of the site is interpreted as follows:
1. a Neolithic/Bronze Age phase of activity, as yet undefined;
2. construction of the timber built site during the Middle/Late Iron Age;
3. the abandonment/demolition of the timber built site followed by an arable phase. (1)
Excavation continued in 1997 expanding the trench opened in 1996. A gently arcing construction trench was revealed, complete with packing stones, leading away from a natural platform. There was a suggestion that, in places, the packing stones may have held some form of planking or wattle fence. A second construction trench, revealed in 1996, cut obliquely across the first and appeared to focus on the natural platform. The first trench cut through the second. There is the possibility that more than two enclosures/settlements are represented and future work should clarify this.
A radiocarbon date was obtained from the earlier construction trench, giving a calibrated date range of 397BC to 5BC (Middle to Late Iron Age). A sherd of Neolithic Peterborough Ware was identified from the 1995 excavation in the ploughsoil overlying the construction trenches. This implies the ploughing has disturbed earlier contexts although it may have originated from a disturbed deposit with the cairn to the south (NU 01 SW 39). (2)
In 1998 an attempt was made to characterise the two enclosures and determine whether they included a settlement component.
The platform on which the site lies is defined by a broad U-shaped gulley on the west and north; it was sampled by two 1m square test pits. Both revealed a stratigraphic sequence which recorded a series of soil deposits derived from upslope within a layer up to 0.44m deep in places. This suggests the gulley was originally more pronounced and the scale of redeposited soils indicates the level of arable practices and the effects of erosion on an exposed location. Whether or not the gully was a manmade feature remains inconclusive.
The central areas of both palisaded enclosures were excavated. Results showed both had been truncated by later cultivation which had reduced the stratigraphy.
The earlier palisade, to the north, was sub-oval inplan and measured c.20m north-south by 16m internally. The entrance has not been located but probably lies in the north east quadrant. The remains of the northern arc of a ring groove building was uncovered, the trench averaging 0.3m wide by up to 0.25m deep. No entrance survived, but this probably lay in the southern arc of the building. A pit was discovered to the north west of the building and although it had been disturbed in antiquity fragments of Beaker pottery and other decorated sherds were recovered. The assemblage may represent a middle/late Neolithic to Early Bronze Age horizon. Charcoal fragments have been collected for radicarbon dating.
The later palisaded site was radiocarbon dated to c.200BC and the remains of a post-built building was discovered. It measured c.4.5m in diameter internally. Two enlarged postholes in the SSE probably represent the entrance. Large numbers of pot sherds were found and charcoal collected for radiocarbon dating. (3)
In 1999 the pit discovered the previous season was excavated. Further vessels were found associated with either a timber coffin or a later possible cist. Five radiocarbon dates have been obtained to record the history of deposition within the pit. The upper fills fo the pit had been disturbed in the later Iron Age and are broadly contemporary with the adjacent palisade. A disturbed stone-lining was uncovered and near their base a small Food Vessel (at 530mm deep). A loose layer beneath this contained a Beaker sherd and charcoal flecking. Beneath this layer was a deposit containing a flint, a Beaker sherd and a Food Vessel sherd. Beneath this layer carbonised wood was found on all sides of the pit with planking visible on some sides. This is interpreted as a coffin with a Beaker. The coffin had been placed in an oval pit 1.34m by 1.96m by 0.68m deep.
A summary of the pit is suggested as follows: primary Beaker phase - an oak-lined pit with burial(s) and possibly a cairn constructed over it; secondary Food Vessel phase - the pit was re-oopeneda stone lining of andesite slabs was placed around its edge and one or more inhumations inserted with three Food Vessels; final Iron Age disturbance by construction of the adjacent palisaded enclosures or ring-groove structure. (4)
The depositional history of the pit records the periodic use of an established possible burial location, which remained a visible monument through to the Later Iron Age. The presence of possible Beaker inhumations in a timber coffin make this an unusual discovery. The scale of the pit is comparatively small but, if the two Beakers were contemporary, then, statistically, this would have been a very important burial. (5)
In 2002 one of a series of anomalies recorded in a geophysical survey were investigated by excavation. Unfortunately, the anomaly could not be located and was probably generated by a ditch-like geological feature that defines the site on the west and north sides. (6)
Part of Scheduled Monument 32782: Ingram Farm prehistoric to post-medieval settlement, agricultural and funerary remains. (7)
A possible single ring-groove house lies at 280 m OD on the summit ridge of Wether Hill and on the E edge of the field system [NT 0114/5-7] with which it is probably contemporary. It has an internal diameter of 6.3 m, with the incomplete ring groove being up to 0.6 m wide and 0.2 m deep. No internal features were recorded. (8a)
Excavation in 1994 demonstrated that the apparent ring-groove was a feature in the turf only. However, lying on a different arc was a palisade trench filled with packing stones and post-pipes. Whether this feature was part of an enclosure or a settlement was not clear but it was almost certainly of late prehistoric date. (8b)
Under the ploughsoil an additional construction trench was discovered. This sprung from the palisade slot found in the 1995 trench and it seems probable that the site comprised a series of contiguous enclosures; there is no firm evidence of contemporary settlement associated with it. A charcoal sample from the construction trench was radiocarbon dated to c.250BC.
The chronology of the site is interpreted as follows:
1. a Neolithic/Bronze Age phase of activity, as yet undefined;
2. construction of the timber built site during the Middle/Late Iron Age;
3. the abandonment/demolition of the timber built site followed by an arable phase. (1)
Excavation continued in 1997 expanding the trench opened in 1996. A gently arcing construction trench was revealed, complete with packing stones, leading away from a natural platform. There was a suggestion that, in places, the packing stones may have held some form of planking or wattle fence. A second construction trench, revealed in 1996, cut obliquely across the first and appeared to focus on the natural platform. The first trench cut through the second. There is the possibility that more than two enclosures/settlements are represented and future work should clarify this.
A radiocarbon date was obtained from the earlier construction trench, giving a calibrated date range of 397BC to 5BC (Middle to Late Iron Age). A sherd of Neolithic Peterborough Ware was identified from the 1995 excavation in the ploughsoil overlying the construction trenches. This implies the ploughing has disturbed earlier contexts although it may have originated from a disturbed deposit with the cairn to the south (NU 01 SW 39). (2)
In 1998 an attempt was made to characterise the two enclosures and determine whether they included a settlement component.
The platform on which the site lies is defined by a broad U-shaped gulley on the west and north; it was sampled by two 1m square test pits. Both revealed a stratigraphic sequence which recorded a series of soil deposits derived from upslope within a layer up to 0.44m deep in places. This suggests the gulley was originally more pronounced and the scale of redeposited soils indicates the level of arable practices and the effects of erosion on an exposed location. Whether or not the gully was a manmade feature remains inconclusive.
The central areas of both palisaded enclosures were excavated. Results showed both had been truncated by later cultivation which had reduced the stratigraphy.
The earlier palisade, to the north, was sub-oval inplan and measured c.20m north-south by 16m internally. The entrance has not been located but probably lies in the north east quadrant. The remains of the northern arc of a ring groove building was uncovered, the trench averaging 0.3m wide by up to 0.25m deep. No entrance survived, but this probably lay in the southern arc of the building. A pit was discovered to the north west of the building and although it had been disturbed in antiquity fragments of Beaker pottery and other decorated sherds were recovered. The assemblage may represent a middle/late Neolithic to Early Bronze Age horizon. Charcoal fragments have been collected for radicarbon dating.
The later palisaded site was radiocarbon dated to c.200BC and the remains of a post-built building was discovered. It measured c.4.5m in diameter internally. Two enlarged postholes in the SSE probably represent the entrance. Large numbers of pot sherds were found and charcoal collected for radiocarbon dating. (3)
In 1999 the pit discovered the previous season was excavated. Further vessels were found associated with either a timber coffin or a later possible cist. Five radiocarbon dates have been obtained to record the history of deposition within the pit. The upper fills fo the pit had been disturbed in the later Iron Age and are broadly contemporary with the adjacent palisade. A disturbed stone-lining was uncovered and near their base a small Food Vessel (at 530mm deep). A loose layer beneath this contained a Beaker sherd and charcoal flecking. Beneath this layer was a deposit containing a flint, a Beaker sherd and a Food Vessel sherd. Beneath this layer carbonised wood was found on all sides of the pit with planking visible on some sides. This is interpreted as a coffin with a Beaker. The coffin had been placed in an oval pit 1.34m by 1.96m by 0.68m deep.
A summary of the pit is suggested as follows: primary Beaker phase - an oak-lined pit with burial(s) and possibly a cairn constructed over it; secondary Food Vessel phase - the pit was re-oopeneda stone lining of andesite slabs was placed around its edge and one or more inhumations inserted with three Food Vessels; final Iron Age disturbance by construction of the adjacent palisaded enclosures or ring-groove structure. (4)
The depositional history of the pit records the periodic use of an established possible burial location, which remained a visible monument through to the Later Iron Age. The presence of possible Beaker inhumations in a timber coffin make this an unusual discovery. The scale of the pit is comparatively small but, if the two Beakers were contemporary, then, statistically, this would have been a very important burial. (5)
In 2002 one of a series of anomalies recorded in a geophysical survey were investigated by excavation. Unfortunately, the anomaly could not be located and was probably generated by a ditch-like geological feature that defines the site on the west and north sides. (6)
Part of Scheduled Monument 32782: Ingram Farm prehistoric to post-medieval settlement, agricultural and funerary remains. (7)
A possible single ring-groove house lies at 280 m OD on the summit ridge of Wether Hill and on the E edge of the field system [NT 0114/5-7] with which it is probably contemporary. It has an internal diameter of 6.3 m, with the incomplete ring groove being up to 0.6 m wide and 0.2 m deep. No internal features were recorded. (8a)
Excavation in 1994 demonstrated that the apparent ring-groove was a feature in the turf only. However, lying on a different arc was a palisade trench filled with packing stones and post-pipes. Whether this feature was part of an enclosure or a settlement was not clear but it was almost certainly of late prehistoric date. (8b)
N3226
EXCAVATION, Wether Hill 1995; RCHME
EXCAVATION, Wether Hill excavations 1994-2003 2003; Northumberland Archaeological Group
HISTORIC AREA ASSESSMENT, Ingram Village Atlas (HISTORIC BERWICK VILLAGE ATLAS) ; The Archaeological Practice Ltd
MEASURED SURVEY, RCHME: SE Cheviots Project ; RCHME
EXCAVATION, Wether Hill excavations 1994-2003 2003; Northumberland Archaeological Group
HISTORIC AREA ASSESSMENT, Ingram Village Atlas (HISTORIC BERWICK VILLAGE ATLAS) ; The Archaeological Practice Ltd
MEASURED SURVEY, RCHME: SE Cheviots Project ; RCHME
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