Berwick Town Defences (Berwick upon Tweed)
Berwick's Elizabethan defences. Photo by Harry Rowland.
[NT 995530 and NT 994532] Town Wall.
[NT 997535 - NU 000534 and NU001531 - NU 002527] Edwardian Defences.
[NT 996530- NU 000532 - NU 002527] Elizabethan Defence. (1)
The town walls and defences of Berwick were originated by Edward I but were re-constructed, partly on a new line, by Elizabeth I. The original defences had on approximately rectangular plan and were strengthened by small half-round towers. A castle of the same age [NT 95 SE 1] stood at the north-west corner of the town. The reconstruction, begun in 1558, proposed a complete bastioned fortification which utilised parts of the old Medieval wall, but excluded the northern part of the town with the castle and the southern tip of the peninsula.
The fortification between Kings Mount [NU 002527] and Meg's Mount [NT 996530] begun in 1562 was eventually abandoned and the Medieval wall continued as the only defence on the river side.
The fortifications were left incomplete in 1569 and were neglected until 1630. Further works were then carried on until the 18th century. (2)
The scheduled positions of the town defences include the Elizabethan ramparts, and the Edwardian walls from English Gate [NT997527] to Cow Port gate [NU 001531]. (3)
Earthworks partly revised and/or resurveyed at 1:2500. See map diagram and illustration for details report of walls, courses of walls, and intergral components. (4)
Town Fortifications including the Bell Tower
NU 0052 7/260 11/260, 11/262
NU 0053 8/259 11/259,
NT 9952 9/256, 11/256, 9/257, 11/257
NT 9953 10/134 10/258, 11/258
Listed Building Grade I.
One of the best examples in Europe of a fortified town. Medieval walls were begun by Edward I and surrounded the town, with the Castle at their North West corner. Their course is traceable, and fragments remain in the Bell Tower (base) and walling on the North side. The Elizabethan fortifications are unique in Britain, begun circa 1555 and built to the latest Italian designs. In the 1760s the medieval walls were rebuilt with gun batteries, and Coxon's Tower was rebuilt. The gates include Scotsgate (altered 1815 and 1858), Cowport (probably 1590s with 18th century timber doors), Ness Gate (1816), Shore Gate (1760s with original timber doors). Scheduled AM. (5)
Account by RCHME 9-Jan-1989. (6)
Scotsgate. Grade I listed. Originally Elizabethan, altered 1815 and in 1858. (7)
NT 998536. Lord's Mount. Medieval fragments of ecclesiastical origin observed built into the bastion by P Ryder. Probably originated from the Franciscan Friary which had stood nearby. (8)(9)
The medieval and post-medieval fortifications at Berwick upon Tweed. Scheduling revised on 18th September 1998, new national monument number 28532. (10)
NT 999 530. The history of the fortification of Berwick-upon-Tweed is well-documented, and has been summarised by MacIvor in 1972 (11a). For more detailed accounts see Brown and Colvin, 1963 (11b), MacIvor, two major building phases labelled for convenience as the Edwardian and Elizabethan Defences. In the interest of clarity the Elizabethan Defences are now recorded separately (see NT 95 SE 71).
The original 13th century town wall enclosed an area of about 57 hectares with an external moat on the landward N and E sides (see also Spades Mire - NT 95 SE 8, and Berwick Castle - NT 95 SE 1). These works were periodically strengthened and updated, notably in the early 16th century, until superseded by the Elizabethan Defences which were started in 1558. These 16th century works drastically reduced the area of the town enclosed to about 37 hectares, and ultimately incorporated that part of the Edwardian town wall around the S and SW (seaward) sides between the two demi-bastions Meg's Mount (NT 996 530) and King's Mount (NU 007 526). This, and subsequent modifications, has rendered the earlier wall almost indistinguishable from the later works in this sector. Elsewhere the Edwardian defences have been pillaged, and modern building has encroached upon their line; where visible, the town wall is buried under turf-covered earthen banks up to 4.0m high, and up to 6.0m above the base of the moat. Some masonry is, however, exposed either as blocks of consolidated core material, up to 4m high (NT 9953 5308), or at the base of modern garden walls (at NT 9945 5325). At NU 0000 5341 a wall width of 2.2m (some 2.0m above ground level) is measurable. Of the towers on the wall, the remains of only three can be identified. These are:
1) Bell Tower of which only the lower part is medieval (NT 9978 5352);
2) Middle Tower, 3.5m high (NT 9996 5347), and
3) Coxon Tower (NT 9998 5247), incorporated into the later defences.
From Meg's Mount (NT 996 530) northwards to the vicinity of the site of St Mary's Gate (NT 9950 5345), the town wall took advantage of the steep scarps above the Tweed and the E slopes of Castle Dene where no moat is necessary. Elsewhere the moat must have commenced at or near St Mary's Gate (where buildings now obscure the line), and extended around the N and E sides of the town back to the river. This area is public parkland and some landscaping, eg pathways and sports facilities, has mutilated the moat; now dry and up to 4.4m deep, much of it covered in rough grassland. As the level of its bed varies from 38m OD near the Bell Tower, to approximately 15m OD by King's Mount the moat was in effect a series of ponds separated by banks, a number of which survive as causeways. The town defences were periodically modified until they were superceded by the construction of the Elizabethan works. The following describes the major modifications still visible.
(1) NU 0032 5310. The Windmill Bulwark is a detached earthwork appended to the medieval fortifications in 1522-3. It survives as a turf-covered raised platform, 5.5m above the town moat, with a large depression,1.6m deep, in its centre. It is protected around the N and E sides by a ditch or moat, now dry and 2.4m deep, silted at the NE angle.
(2) NU 0008 5255. A masonry bulwark named Bulwark by the Sands (later Fisher's Fort), was added in 1522-3; this was subsequently incorporated into the Elizabethan and later defences.
(3) NT 9987 5356. In 1522-3 the NE angle of the medieval town defences was strengthened by an earthen bulwark, to be succeeded in 1539-42 by a circular masonry fortification named Lord's Mount; this latter was excavated in 1972-3. The earthworks in this area are particularly complex; there has been a ditch or moat around the N and E sides of Lord's Mount, largely destroyed by the building of Field House and its garden improvements, and another ditch or moat occurs S of the Mount. It is unclear whether these are contemporary with the Mount or are the remains of the earlier bulwark.
(4) NU 0023 5291. The Citadel, designed to overlie and strengthen the town wall on the E, was started in 1550, but had not been completed by the end of 1557. All that can be identified now with certainty is the E ditch (or moat) projecting E from the medieval defences, together with the deformed remains of the NE and SE bastions, which stand 2.8m above the ditch. The Elizabethan Defences (started in 1558) approximately bisect the Citadel; cutting across it from N to S; the part within the 16th century walled town is occupied by gardens and allotments. It is not possible without excavation to determine the precise line of the N,S and W defences, or indeed the level of incompleteness of the Citadel from ground inspection. However the curving E walls of the gardens in Ravensdowne may preserve the general line of the Citadel on that side. Surveyed by RCHME at 1/1250. (11)
NT 998 531 - NU 001 533; NU 002 527. Elizabethan town wall. Scheduled No ND/10.
NT 994 531; NT 996 535 - NT 999 534. Portions of the Edwardian town wall. Scheduled No ND/16.
NU 000 531. Old Citadel (site of). Scheduled No ND/353. (11c)
Medieval town defences including a moat and medieval/ post medieval boundary bank described above are visible as earthworks on air photographs. These features have been mapped as part of the Till-Tweed NMP project and are recorded in NU 05 SW 87/ UID 1384259. (11)
The Edwardian and the Elizabethan Defences were grouped together by OS and the NMR under NT 95 SE 3; in the interest of clarity they are now separated. The history of the fortifications of Berwick is well-documented, and is summarized by MacIvor. For more detailed accounts see Brown and Colvin, 1963, MacIvor, 1965, and Merriman and Summerson, 1982. No attempt at a full architectural description of the individual elements is made here.
The Elizabethan Defences, commenced in 1558, drastically reduced the area enclosed from the original 57 hectares to about 37 hectares; the circuit of the wall, incorporating part of the medieval town wall around the S and SE (seaward) sides, is complete. It was to be further defended in the N and E by a moat, but this was never completed, and the planned counterscarp retaining wall was never begun. In 1565 a traverse (see NU 05 SW 7) was constructed from just S of Brass Bastion to the sea where it ended in an earthwork redoubt (see NU 05 SW 8).
In 1639-53 an earthwork parapet was raised on the sentry path right round the Elizabethan ramparts and cavaliers were raised on the bastions. The defences were repaired and modified in detail in the mid-18th century. The end of Berwick as a fortified town is marked by the enlargement of Scotsgate and the insertion of Ness Gate in 1815-6. The Elizabethan fortifications were subsequently incorporated into town parkland, and the building of paths on the summit of the ramparts and bastions, and in the moat, has damaged some of the earthworks. The fortifications were surveyed by RCHME at 1:1250 scale.
The post medieval town defences of Berwick are visible as structures on air photographs centred at NT 9962 5302. The defences are as described by authority 1 above. The defences consist of a series of ramparts linking four bastions and King's Mount. On the western side the defences consist of the medieval town walls. (12)
Excavations in 2006 as part of plans to put a water main through the eastern defences of Berwick exposed archaeological features associated with the medieval and Elizabethan defences of the town. Part of a ditch within the Elizabethan moat was uncovered. A stone wall belonging to one of two small rectangular structures against the south side of the Batardeau was uncovered in Trench 3. The footings of the medieval town wall flanked by ditches on either side were uncovered in Trench 6 near the Cowport. (13)
Additional summary publicly available in local transactions. (14)
Watching brief during developments at John Dewar's Granary for new improved access through the Quay Wall revealed three distinct elements of masonry representing post-medieval build either side of a medieval core. The passageway was not part of the original medieval design and is thought to have been created in the 18th century to give the granary access to the quay. (15)
An archaeological watching brief was undertaken by the Bamburgh Research Project on land to the rear of 21 Bell Tower Park, Berwick-upon-Tweed, on the line of the ditch of the Edwardian defences. The foundation trench for the outbuilding was excavated to a depth of between 0.4m and 0.45m below current ground level, it revealed a layer of made-ground, probably deposited during the construction of the house to the south. This deposit was overlain by topsoil. The report concluded that the scheduled defensive ditch which runs across this site may still survive at a greater depth. (16)
Guide to the fortifications published in 1990. (17a)
The fortifications of Berwick are discussed in relation to other English towns in a report by the CBA. (17b)
Accessible publication including a brief overview of the development defences. (17c)
Discussion of the defences of the town in the wider context of its long term historical development. (17d)
The English Heritage guide to the barracks and fortifications of Berwick published in 2011 includes a full tour and history of the fortifications, with plans, maps and historical images. There are sections on each of the main elements of the fortifications as well as accounts of the main seiges and developments in the defences. (17e)
General association with Berwick Castle (HER 2424), Berwick Town Defences (HER 30161), Berwick Town Defences (HER 30162), and Lords Mount (HER 30163). (17)
[NT 997535 - NU 000534 and NU001531 - NU 002527] Edwardian Defences.
[NT 996530- NU 000532 - NU 002527] Elizabethan Defence. (1)
The town walls and defences of Berwick were originated by Edward I but were re-constructed, partly on a new line, by Elizabeth I. The original defences had on approximately rectangular plan and were strengthened by small half-round towers. A castle of the same age [NT 95 SE 1] stood at the north-west corner of the town. The reconstruction, begun in 1558, proposed a complete bastioned fortification which utilised parts of the old Medieval wall, but excluded the northern part of the town with the castle and the southern tip of the peninsula.
The fortification between Kings Mount [NU 002527] and Meg's Mount [NT 996530] begun in 1562 was eventually abandoned and the Medieval wall continued as the only defence on the river side.
The fortifications were left incomplete in 1569 and were neglected until 1630. Further works were then carried on until the 18th century. (2)
The scheduled positions of the town defences include the Elizabethan ramparts, and the Edwardian walls from English Gate [NT997527] to Cow Port gate [NU 001531]. (3)
Earthworks partly revised and/or resurveyed at 1:2500. See map diagram and illustration for details report of walls, courses of walls, and intergral components. (4)
Town Fortifications including the Bell Tower
NU 0052 7/260 11/260, 11/262
NU 0053 8/259 11/259,
NT 9952 9/256, 11/256, 9/257, 11/257
NT 9953 10/134 10/258, 11/258
Listed Building Grade I.
One of the best examples in Europe of a fortified town. Medieval walls were begun by Edward I and surrounded the town, with the Castle at their North West corner. Their course is traceable, and fragments remain in the Bell Tower (base) and walling on the North side. The Elizabethan fortifications are unique in Britain, begun circa 1555 and built to the latest Italian designs. In the 1760s the medieval walls were rebuilt with gun batteries, and Coxon's Tower was rebuilt. The gates include Scotsgate (altered 1815 and 1858), Cowport (probably 1590s with 18th century timber doors), Ness Gate (1816), Shore Gate (1760s with original timber doors). Scheduled AM. (5)
Account by RCHME 9-Jan-1989. (6)
Scotsgate. Grade I listed. Originally Elizabethan, altered 1815 and in 1858. (7)
NT 998536. Lord's Mount. Medieval fragments of ecclesiastical origin observed built into the bastion by P Ryder. Probably originated from the Franciscan Friary which had stood nearby. (8)(9)
The medieval and post-medieval fortifications at Berwick upon Tweed. Scheduling revised on 18th September 1998, new national monument number 28532. (10)
NT 999 530. The history of the fortification of Berwick-upon-Tweed is well-documented, and has been summarised by MacIvor in 1972 (11a). For more detailed accounts see Brown and Colvin, 1963 (11b), MacIvor, two major building phases labelled for convenience as the Edwardian and Elizabethan Defences. In the interest of clarity the Elizabethan Defences are now recorded separately (see NT 95 SE 71).
The original 13th century town wall enclosed an area of about 57 hectares with an external moat on the landward N and E sides (see also Spades Mire - NT 95 SE 8, and Berwick Castle - NT 95 SE 1). These works were periodically strengthened and updated, notably in the early 16th century, until superseded by the Elizabethan Defences which were started in 1558. These 16th century works drastically reduced the area of the town enclosed to about 37 hectares, and ultimately incorporated that part of the Edwardian town wall around the S and SW (seaward) sides between the two demi-bastions Meg's Mount (NT 996 530) and King's Mount (NU 007 526). This, and subsequent modifications, has rendered the earlier wall almost indistinguishable from the later works in this sector. Elsewhere the Edwardian defences have been pillaged, and modern building has encroached upon their line; where visible, the town wall is buried under turf-covered earthen banks up to 4.0m high, and up to 6.0m above the base of the moat. Some masonry is, however, exposed either as blocks of consolidated core material, up to 4m high (NT 9953 5308), or at the base of modern garden walls (at NT 9945 5325). At NU 0000 5341 a wall width of 2.2m (some 2.0m above ground level) is measurable. Of the towers on the wall, the remains of only three can be identified. These are:
1) Bell Tower of which only the lower part is medieval (NT 9978 5352);
2) Middle Tower, 3.5m high (NT 9996 5347), and
3) Coxon Tower (NT 9998 5247), incorporated into the later defences.
From Meg's Mount (NT 996 530) northwards to the vicinity of the site of St Mary's Gate (NT 9950 5345), the town wall took advantage of the steep scarps above the Tweed and the E slopes of Castle Dene where no moat is necessary. Elsewhere the moat must have commenced at or near St Mary's Gate (where buildings now obscure the line), and extended around the N and E sides of the town back to the river. This area is public parkland and some landscaping, eg pathways and sports facilities, has mutilated the moat; now dry and up to 4.4m deep, much of it covered in rough grassland. As the level of its bed varies from 38m OD near the Bell Tower, to approximately 15m OD by King's Mount the moat was in effect a series of ponds separated by banks, a number of which survive as causeways. The town defences were periodically modified until they were superceded by the construction of the Elizabethan works. The following describes the major modifications still visible.
(1) NU 0032 5310. The Windmill Bulwark is a detached earthwork appended to the medieval fortifications in 1522-3. It survives as a turf-covered raised platform, 5.5m above the town moat, with a large depression,1.6m deep, in its centre. It is protected around the N and E sides by a ditch or moat, now dry and 2.4m deep, silted at the NE angle.
(2) NU 0008 5255. A masonry bulwark named Bulwark by the Sands (later Fisher's Fort), was added in 1522-3; this was subsequently incorporated into the Elizabethan and later defences.
(3) NT 9987 5356. In 1522-3 the NE angle of the medieval town defences was strengthened by an earthen bulwark, to be succeeded in 1539-42 by a circular masonry fortification named Lord's Mount; this latter was excavated in 1972-3. The earthworks in this area are particularly complex; there has been a ditch or moat around the N and E sides of Lord's Mount, largely destroyed by the building of Field House and its garden improvements, and another ditch or moat occurs S of the Mount. It is unclear whether these are contemporary with the Mount or are the remains of the earlier bulwark.
(4) NU 0023 5291. The Citadel, designed to overlie and strengthen the town wall on the E, was started in 1550, but had not been completed by the end of 1557. All that can be identified now with certainty is the E ditch (or moat) projecting E from the medieval defences, together with the deformed remains of the NE and SE bastions, which stand 2.8m above the ditch. The Elizabethan Defences (started in 1558) approximately bisect the Citadel; cutting across it from N to S; the part within the 16th century walled town is occupied by gardens and allotments. It is not possible without excavation to determine the precise line of the N,S and W defences, or indeed the level of incompleteness of the Citadel from ground inspection. However the curving E walls of the gardens in Ravensdowne may preserve the general line of the Citadel on that side. Surveyed by RCHME at 1/1250. (11)
NT 998 531 - NU 001 533; NU 002 527. Elizabethan town wall. Scheduled No ND/10.
NT 994 531; NT 996 535 - NT 999 534. Portions of the Edwardian town wall. Scheduled No ND/16.
NU 000 531. Old Citadel (site of). Scheduled No ND/353. (11c)
Medieval town defences including a moat and medieval/ post medieval boundary bank described above are visible as earthworks on air photographs. These features have been mapped as part of the Till-Tweed NMP project and are recorded in NU 05 SW 87/ UID 1384259. (11)
The Edwardian and the Elizabethan Defences were grouped together by OS and the NMR under NT 95 SE 3; in the interest of clarity they are now separated. The history of the fortifications of Berwick is well-documented, and is summarized by MacIvor. For more detailed accounts see Brown and Colvin, 1963, MacIvor, 1965, and Merriman and Summerson, 1982. No attempt at a full architectural description of the individual elements is made here.
The Elizabethan Defences, commenced in 1558, drastically reduced the area enclosed from the original 57 hectares to about 37 hectares; the circuit of the wall, incorporating part of the medieval town wall around the S and SE (seaward) sides, is complete. It was to be further defended in the N and E by a moat, but this was never completed, and the planned counterscarp retaining wall was never begun. In 1565 a traverse (see NU 05 SW 7) was constructed from just S of Brass Bastion to the sea where it ended in an earthwork redoubt (see NU 05 SW 8).
In 1639-53 an earthwork parapet was raised on the sentry path right round the Elizabethan ramparts and cavaliers were raised on the bastions. The defences were repaired and modified in detail in the mid-18th century. The end of Berwick as a fortified town is marked by the enlargement of Scotsgate and the insertion of Ness Gate in 1815-6. The Elizabethan fortifications were subsequently incorporated into town parkland, and the building of paths on the summit of the ramparts and bastions, and in the moat, has damaged some of the earthworks. The fortifications were surveyed by RCHME at 1:1250 scale.
The post medieval town defences of Berwick are visible as structures on air photographs centred at NT 9962 5302. The defences are as described by authority 1 above. The defences consist of a series of ramparts linking four bastions and King's Mount. On the western side the defences consist of the medieval town walls. (12)
Excavations in 2006 as part of plans to put a water main through the eastern defences of Berwick exposed archaeological features associated with the medieval and Elizabethan defences of the town. Part of a ditch within the Elizabethan moat was uncovered. A stone wall belonging to one of two small rectangular structures against the south side of the Batardeau was uncovered in Trench 3. The footings of the medieval town wall flanked by ditches on either side were uncovered in Trench 6 near the Cowport. (13)
Additional summary publicly available in local transactions. (14)
Watching brief during developments at John Dewar's Granary for new improved access through the Quay Wall revealed three distinct elements of masonry representing post-medieval build either side of a medieval core. The passageway was not part of the original medieval design and is thought to have been created in the 18th century to give the granary access to the quay. (15)
An archaeological watching brief was undertaken by the Bamburgh Research Project on land to the rear of 21 Bell Tower Park, Berwick-upon-Tweed, on the line of the ditch of the Edwardian defences. The foundation trench for the outbuilding was excavated to a depth of between 0.4m and 0.45m below current ground level, it revealed a layer of made-ground, probably deposited during the construction of the house to the south. This deposit was overlain by topsoil. The report concluded that the scheduled defensive ditch which runs across this site may still survive at a greater depth. (16)
Guide to the fortifications published in 1990. (17a)
The fortifications of Berwick are discussed in relation to other English towns in a report by the CBA. (17b)
Accessible publication including a brief overview of the development defences. (17c)
Discussion of the defences of the town in the wider context of its long term historical development. (17d)
The English Heritage guide to the barracks and fortifications of Berwick published in 2011 includes a full tour and history of the fortifications, with plans, maps and historical images. There are sections on each of the main elements of the fortifications as well as accounts of the main seiges and developments in the defences. (17e)
General association with Berwick Castle (HER 2424), Berwick Town Defences (HER 30161), Berwick Town Defences (HER 30162), and Lords Mount (HER 30163). (17)
N2426
EXCAVATION, Brass Bastion / Cumberland Bastion, Berwick 1962
FIELD OBSERVATION, Ordnance Survey Archaeology Division Field Investigation 1967; E C Waight
EXCAVATION, Lords Mount, Berwick-upon-Tweed 1973
EXCAVATION, Excavations in Berwick, 1974-5 1975; J R HUNTER
WATCHING BRIEF, Berwick Quayside 1994
TRIAL TRENCH, Holy Trinity Middle School, Berwick-upon-Tweed 2000; LANCASTER UNIVERSITY ARCHAEOLOGICAL UNIT
RESISTIVITY SURVEY, The Stanks, Berwick 2002; BORDER ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY
AERIAL PHOTOGRAPH INTERPRETATION, English Heritage: Till Tweed NMP 2003; English Heritage
TRIAL TRENCH, Land at Bankhill, Berwick-upon-Tweed (rear of 125-127 Marygate) 2005; Archaeological Services University of Durham
TRIAL TRENCH, Berwick-upon-Tweed Defences. Evaluation Data Structure Report 2006; Headland Archaeology
DESK BASED ASSESSMENT, Castlegate Carpark, Berwick-upon-Tweed 2007; Headland Archaeology
WATCHING BRIEF, Pier Road Maltings, Pier Road 2010; North Pennines Archaeology Ltd
WATCHING BRIEF, John Dewar's Granary, Bridge Street 2010; Bamburgh Research Project
HERITAGE ASSESSMENT, English Heritage Coastal Estate: risk assessment 2011; English Heritage
WATCHING BRIEF, Watching Brief at Castlegate Overflow Car Park, Berwick-upon-Tweed 2011; Pre-Construct Archaeology
WATCHING BRIEF, Berwick Ramparts, Cowgate 2013; TWM Archaeology
EVALUATION, Former Kwik-Save Site, Walkergate, Berwick 2014; AD Archaeology Ltd
WATCHING BRIEF, Quay Walls, Berwick-upon-Tweed 2014; Gerry Martin Associates Ltd
EVALUATION, Land adjacent to Lord's Mount, Berwick 2014; Archaeological Research Services
WATCHING BRIEF, Lord's Mount, Berwick 2014; Archaeological Research Services
WATCHING BRIEF, Land rear of 21 Bell Tower Park, Berwick-upon-Tweed 2016; Bamburgh Research Project
WATCHING BRIEF, Flagstaff Park, Berwick-upon-Tweed 2016; AOC Archaeology Group
WATCHING BRIEF, Berwick footpath improvements 2017; Alan Williams Archaeology
WATCHING BRIEF, Lion's House, Berwick 2017; AOC Archaeology Group
WATCHING BRIEF, Land to rear of 76 Ravensdowne 2018; The Archaeological Practice Ltd
WATCHING BRIEF, School site south of St Aidan's House, Berwick-upon-Tweed 2018; The Archaeological Practice Ltd
WATCHING BRIEF, Granary Tunnel ; Headland Archaeology
MEASURED SURVEY, RCHME: Berwick Survey ; RCHME
WATCHING BRIEF, Well Close Square ; Archaeological Research Services
FIELD OBSERVATION, Ordnance Survey Archaeology Division Field Investigation 1967; E C Waight
EXCAVATION, Lords Mount, Berwick-upon-Tweed 1973
EXCAVATION, Excavations in Berwick, 1974-5 1975; J R HUNTER
WATCHING BRIEF, Berwick Quayside 1994
TRIAL TRENCH, Holy Trinity Middle School, Berwick-upon-Tweed 2000; LANCASTER UNIVERSITY ARCHAEOLOGICAL UNIT
RESISTIVITY SURVEY, The Stanks, Berwick 2002; BORDER ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY
AERIAL PHOTOGRAPH INTERPRETATION, English Heritage: Till Tweed NMP 2003; English Heritage
TRIAL TRENCH, Land at Bankhill, Berwick-upon-Tweed (rear of 125-127 Marygate) 2005; Archaeological Services University of Durham
TRIAL TRENCH, Berwick-upon-Tweed Defences. Evaluation Data Structure Report 2006; Headland Archaeology
DESK BASED ASSESSMENT, Castlegate Carpark, Berwick-upon-Tweed 2007; Headland Archaeology
WATCHING BRIEF, Pier Road Maltings, Pier Road 2010; North Pennines Archaeology Ltd
WATCHING BRIEF, John Dewar's Granary, Bridge Street 2010; Bamburgh Research Project
HERITAGE ASSESSMENT, English Heritage Coastal Estate: risk assessment 2011; English Heritage
WATCHING BRIEF, Watching Brief at Castlegate Overflow Car Park, Berwick-upon-Tweed 2011; Pre-Construct Archaeology
WATCHING BRIEF, Berwick Ramparts, Cowgate 2013; TWM Archaeology
EVALUATION, Former Kwik-Save Site, Walkergate, Berwick 2014; AD Archaeology Ltd
WATCHING BRIEF, Quay Walls, Berwick-upon-Tweed 2014; Gerry Martin Associates Ltd
EVALUATION, Land adjacent to Lord's Mount, Berwick 2014; Archaeological Research Services
WATCHING BRIEF, Lord's Mount, Berwick 2014; Archaeological Research Services
WATCHING BRIEF, Land rear of 21 Bell Tower Park, Berwick-upon-Tweed 2016; Bamburgh Research Project
WATCHING BRIEF, Flagstaff Park, Berwick-upon-Tweed 2016; AOC Archaeology Group
WATCHING BRIEF, Berwick footpath improvements 2017; Alan Williams Archaeology
WATCHING BRIEF, Lion's House, Berwick 2017; AOC Archaeology Group
WATCHING BRIEF, Land to rear of 76 Ravensdowne 2018; The Archaeological Practice Ltd
WATCHING BRIEF, School site south of St Aidan's House, Berwick-upon-Tweed 2018; The Archaeological Practice Ltd
WATCHING BRIEF, Granary Tunnel ; Headland Archaeology
MEASURED SURVEY, RCHME: Berwick Survey ; RCHME
WATCHING BRIEF, Well Close Square ; Archaeological Research Services
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